Annotated Bibliography
Secondary Sources:
Books:
1. Gammie, Alexander. Duncan Main of Hangchow. Pickerling & Inglis, 1936.

This book was published the second year after his death, and it was the first original English book about him that I read. When I finished reading this book, I was deeply moved by him.

2. Dr. D. Duncan of Hangchow, Know in China as Dr Apricot of Heaven Below. Marshall. Morgan & Scott, Ltd., London, 1930.

 

This is also a biography about him, which describes a lot of details, excerpts a lot of what he said, and the letters he sent at the time. I also quote two original words from it.

3. Dorothea Soothill Hosie, Portrait of a Chinese lady and Certain of her  Contemporaries,Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd., 1929.

 

In this book, there was a small section about my topic. I got it from my Dad’s friend. Something I learned from this book was that the lepers lived with dignity under Dr. Main’s care, and
they love him very much.

4. The Yangtze Valley and Beyond , by Isabella Bird, Hubei People's Publishing House, 2007,PP. 29-48.

In this book, there was a small section about my topic. I found it while trying to fact check something from my paragraphs. I confirmed from this book that Dr. Main was a kind and loyal
man.

 

Articls:
1. Xiaoping Fang ,Dedicated to a Medical Career in the “Heaven Below”: David Duncan Main’s Correspondence, 1914-1926

This article focuses on Dr. Main’s correspondence between 1914to 1926. From this article I learned that Dr. Main hard to obtain help from various foundations, such as the Rockefeller
foundation in order to maintain the operation and sustainable development of hospitals and medical schools. From 1914 to 1926, he continued to write letters to the Rockefeller foundation.

2. Zhangyu, Maqingkai, and Shenhong, Memories of Hangzhou in
the Writings of David Duncan Main, Studies in culture&art,1674-
3180（2016）02-0029-09,

https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/whysyj201602005.
Accessed Feb 23, 2023.

This journal article focuses on the activities of Dr. Main in Hangzhou in 1917 to study the  influence of missionaries in the development of modern medical care in Hangzhou.

3. Xuxunlei ,David Duncan Main: From Bowing to Exhaustion,
Zhejiang Archives Office, Dec 8,2014. 8

http://www.zjda.gov.cn/art/2014/12/8/art_1378530_12511056.ht
ml. Accessed Feb 23, 2023.

This article describes in great detail Dr. Main’s story of 45 years in Hangzhou, China, and some of the details have been confirmed in two other English-language biographies.

4. Chaijing ,The Doctor-patient Relationship a Century ago, Public
WeChat, BookReview Aug 15, 2014.

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/FLREYt303lwhgXFWsCUUzg.
Accessed Feb 23, 2023.

What I learn from this article is Dr. Main’s spirit: Under such pressure, he still stuck to his motto “keep smiling” and devoted all his enthusiasm to his career until his retirement at the age
of 70 in 1926.

 

Images:
1. “Drs David Duncan Main and Stephen Douglas Sturton trying
on sample pyjamas at CMS Hospital, Hangzhou.”
https://hpcbristol.net/visual/mx-s31
 

Dr. Stephen Douglas Sturton took over as the dean of the
Guangji Hospital when Dr. Main retired. Both of them havemade great contributions to the development of the hospital. The message conveyed to me by this photo is : the two people work together to promote the spread and development of advanced western medical technology in China.

2. Keep smiling, “David Duncan Main even wrote the motto of his
life on an autographed photo to a friend.” Tencent news
website, Jun 20, 2022.

http://new.qq.com/rain/a/20220620A03AR200.

 

“keep smiling” is Dr. Main’s motto, I very like the words, so I choose the image as the cover on the thesis page. I hope I can face all difficulties with a smile like him.

3. “Wedding photo of Mr. and Mrs. Mettengen in 1881.” Public WeChat,Famous City Hangzhou, Jan 17, 2020.

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/c6avJKLrsiY62D5bmTZYvQ.

 

Dr. Main got married in 1881, and in the same year he came to China as a medical missionary with his 19-year-old wife to lead the Guangji Hospital in Hangzhou. I think it’s really amazing.

4. “Two bearers carried a lord, Hangchow, 1897.”
https://www.sohu.com/a/380071169_ 120105051

Before doing this case, I did not pay attention to the life in Hangzhou at that time. I think this image is very interesting when I found this photo. I even imagined how Dr. Main felt when he saw the scene.

5. “pull a cart with an ox, Hangchow, 1917, Sidney. Gambo.”
http://www.sohu.com/a384

This photo was taken in 1917, through it, I understood that people at that time were still in the age of rickshaws, horsedrawn carts, and ox-drawn carts.

6. “First aerial view of Guangji Hospital and Medical School in the early 1920s.” Public WeChat, Famous City Hangzhou, Jan 17,
2020. http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/c6avJKLrsiY62D5bmTZYvQ.

I’m very happy to find this image, because it can clearly show the whole scene of the Guangji Hospital at that time. So I selected it.

7. “Tree-like tissue structure diagram of the hospital” History Museum of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University

This image is displayed in the History Museum of the Hospital, I was blown away when I first saw it. We can learn Dr. Main’s contribution to the development of the hospital from it.

8. “Dr. Chen and Mr.S.D. Main at work in the X-ray room.” Gammie, Alexander. Duncan Main of Hangchow. Pickerling &
Inglis, 1936.

Dr. Main left his hometown to serve for 45 years in Hangzhou, during this time, his two sons were born. The one on the right in the photo is his eldest son, who came to China in 1913 to
help his father share part of the work.

9. “From 1914 to 1926, Main continued to write letters to the
Rockefeller foundation.”
https://www.docin.com/p-1728741128.html

All the letters that Dr. Main wrote to the Rockefeller Foundation are kept in Rockefeller Archive Center, and I tried to find the originals without success. I found this image from a
journal article.

10. “Lord and Lady Wellington, Duncan Main and Women Lepers” Ifeng News Website,Mar 4, 2020.
http://culture.ifeng.com/c/7uYvdD5mEca

This photo didn’t come easily. Ms. Dorothea Soothill Hosie, a well-known writer and social activist, had accompanied with Lady Willingdon to visit Dr. Main and lepers. I started looking
for this photo when I knew this visit. I’m lucky, I got it.

11. “Dorothea Soothill Hosie, the daughter of William Edward Soothill.” Portrait of a Chinese lady and Certain of her Contemporaries, Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd.,1929.

Ms. Dorothea Soothill Hosie was born in Ningbo and grew up in Wenzhou with her missionary father, William Edward Soothill. She went to China six times in her life and wrote many books about Chinese customs.

12. “The Pulmonary Hospital next to the Baochu Pagoda (Photo by Ganbo, 1917)”, Hangzhou News Center Website, Aug 11, 2021. https://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/ wghz/ content/2021- 08/11/content_8029025.htm

This is a old photo, the Baochu Pagoda was very dilapidated at that time. It’s totally different from what we see now.

13. “Driving a horse-drawn carriage to treat patient, by Gambo.”
https://www.163.com/dy/article/HTUQ3KPO05561CHV.html

 

Missionary Gambo took the picture of Dr. Main in a car designed and modified by himself. Dr. Main is very happy to sit on this “combination of Chinese and Western” car and go
out to treat patients.

14. “Dr. Main once bowed to a little patient in the aisle when he
was inspecting the ward”
https://www.163.com/dy/article/HTUQ3KPO05561CHV.html

This scene has touched countless people, and now it has been re-engraved into a statue, standing permanently in front of the SAHZU. I once wanted to choose this photo for the cover, later, I changed my mind and put it together with the photo of the
statue.

15. “The sculpture of Main and child patient , is standing outside of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University.” Public WeChat, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, May 31, 2018.
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WUDRHhY6vCIvc1sVqiZvfQ

I’m too familiar with this picture. When I was a little boy, I always tried to imitate how Dr. Main and a little patient bowed to each other in front of the statue. So I specifically chose this
picture.

16. “The Boxer Rebellion was a hybrid organization of folk martial arts groups and secret sects in the late Qing Dynasty.”
https://www.sohu.com/a/334608871_99892961

In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and the people retaliated against foreigners. At that time, Dr. Main had just returned to England for vacation, and the British in the hospital were ordered to avoid Shanghai. After the situation subsided, Dr. Main returned to China.

17. “Wuchang Uprising was the beginning of the Xinhai Revolution, On October 10, 1911.”
https://www.163.com/dy/article/GLT45L760516A873.html

In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out. At this time, the Chinese people's desire for "national reconstruction" was urgent, and nationalism became an important means of selfforging.

18. “The anti-British boycott of 1925.”
https://www.sohu.com/a/232996720_503003

The personal safety of Dr. Main and his colleagues was threatened, and the normal medical treatment and teaching of the hospital was disturbed at that time. I chose this image because I couldn’t find another one that fit better.

19. “On August 30, 1934, Main died in his hometown at the age of 78. The tombstone still exists today, with four Chinese characters inscribed on it , it means: benevolence, love and labour.Website, Mar 12, 2020.
https://www.163.com/dy/article/F7HHFGKR0521D7D4.html

When I saw this photo for the first time, I was deeply moved. I think the four Chinese characters on his tombstone are the best summary of his life.

20. “The memorial pavilion to Dr. and Mrs. Main” Gammie, Alexander. Duncan Main of Hangchow. Pickerling & Inglis, 1936.

I saw the pavilion before when I went to the hospital, but I’ve never been inside, so I’ve never seen the monument inside. Next time I return to China, I will make a special trip to visit it
to commemorate Dr. Main.